Nonvolatile logic circuit and a method for operating the same

ABSTRACT

A nonvolatile logic circuit includes logic configuration electrodes and input electrodes. The nonvolatile logic circuit is programmable to any one of the logics between the input signals selected from logical conjunction (AND), logical disjunction (OR), logical non-conjunction (NAND), logical non-disjunction (NOR), and logical exclusive disjunction (XOR) by changing applied voltages to the logic configuration electrodes.

This application is a Continuation of PCT/JP2011/002852 filed May 23, 2011, which claims foreign priority of JP 2010-196386 filed Sep. 2, 2010, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a nonvolatile logic circuit and a method for operating the nonvolatile logic circuit.

BACKGROUND

FIG. 10 to FIG. 14 correspond to FIG. 1 to FIG. 5 of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0097299, respectively.

As shown in FIG. 10, a semiconductor memory device 10 according to US 2009/0097299 includes a stacked layer of a ferroelectric layer 13 and a semiconductor layer 14. In the semiconductor memory device 10, a first electrode 12 is formed on the stacking layer at the ferroelectric layer 13 side and a plurality of second electrodes 15 a, 15 b and 15 c are formed on the stacked layer at the semiconductor layer 14 side. These layers are formed on a substrate 11.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show an initial state of the semiconductor memory device of FIG. 10. FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional perspective view and FIG. 11B is an equivalent circuit diagram.

For example, when an n-type semiconductor material is used for the semiconductor layer 14, all directions of polarization 16 are oriented in the same direction so that the polarization 16 of the ferroelectric layer 13 is coupled with electrons (i.e., majority carriers) of the semiconductor layer 14 in an initial state. In this case, two-dimensional electrons 17 are induced by the polarization in the ferroelectric layer 13 and are accumulated around the interface between the semiconductor layer 14 and the ferroelectric layer 13. In this state, the semiconductor layer 14 is in a low resistance state. Thus, the semiconductor layer 14 serves as a channel in which a current flows in the same manner as a metal electrode and can be used as the same kind of electrodes as a metal electrode. In such a case, as shown in FIG. 11B, a conduction state between the semiconductor layer 14 and each of the second electrodes 15 a, 15 b and 15 c is short-circuited.

In this state, as shown in FIG. 12A, when a bias voltage relative to the first electrode 12 is applied to the second electrode 15 c, only the polarization in a part of the ferroelectric layer 13 located in which the second electrode 15 c is formed is inverted, and the polarization is oriented in the direction which causes exclusion of electrons in the semiconductor layer 14. Accordingly, only the part 18 of the semiconductor layer 14 located in the region in which the second electrode 15 c is formed is depleted and thus becomes in a high resistance state. As a result, as shown in FIG. 12B, a state between the semiconductor layer 14 and the second electrode 15 c is an open-circuited state.

FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C show two resistance states of the part of the semiconductor layer 14 located in a region in which the second electrode 15 is formed. FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view of the part when it is in a low resistance state, FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of the part when it is in a high resistance state, and FIG. 13C is a table showing sheet resistance values between the semiconductor layer 14 and the second electrode 15. As shown in the table, each of the parts of the semiconductor layer 14 located in regions in which the second electrodes 15 a, 15 b and 15 c are formed can be in either of two states having different sheet resistance values because of the polarization assist effect of the ferroelectric layer 13.

In the state shown in FIG. 13B, when a low bias voltage relative to the first electrode 12 is applied to the second electrode 15, the polarization of the ferroelectric layer 13 is inverted again. Thus, the polarization is oriented in the direction in which electrons are accumulated and the part 18 of the semiconductor layer 14 located in the region in which the second electrode 15 is formed is back to a low resistance state. As a result, the conduction state between the semiconductor layer 14 and the second electrode 15 becomes in a short circuit state again.

FIGS. 14A, 14B and 14C show measurements for resistance values of the semiconductor layer 14 using a four-probe method. FIG. 14A is a diagram illustrating how the resistance value of the semiconductor layer 14 is measured when it is in a low resistance state where two-dimensional electrons are accumulated, FIG. 14B is a diagram illustrating how the resistance value of the semiconductor layer 14 is measured when it is in a high resistance state where two-dimensional electrons are excluded, and FIG. 14C is a table showing respective measurement results. As shown in the table of FIG. 14C, the resistance value of the semiconductor layer 14 is about 1×10³ ohm per square or less in the low resistance state and about 1×10⁶ ohm per square or more in the high resistance state.

SUMMERY Problem(s) to be Solved

The purpose of the present disclosure is to provide a novel nonvolatile logic circuit and a method for operating the nonvolatile logic circuit utilizing change of resistance states.

Means to Solve the Problem(s)

One exemplary aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of operating a non-volatile logic circuit. The method includes the following steps (a) to (d). The step (a) is a step of preparing the non-volatile logic circuit. The nonvolatile logic circuit includes a control electrode, a ferroelectric layer, a semiconductor layer, and an electrode group. The control electrode, the ferroelectric layer, the semiconductor layer, and the electrode group are stacked in this order. The semiconductor layer is an n-type semiconductor layer. The electrode group includes a power electrode, an output electrode, first to eighth input electrodes, and first to fourth logic configuration electrodes.

In this disclosure, X direction, Y-direction, and Z-direction denote a longitudinal direction of the ferroelectric layer (from the power electrode to the output electrode), a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and a layer (film) stack direction, respectively. The first to eighth input electrodes and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are interposed between the power electrode and the output electrode along the X-direction. The first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction. The first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction. The fifth to eighth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction.

The fifth input electrode is interposed between the first logic configuration electrode and the first input electrode along the X-direction. The sixth input electrode is interposed between the second logic configuration electrode and the second input electrode along the X-direction. The seventh input electrode is interposed between the third logic configuration electrode and the third input electrode along the X-direction. The eighth input electrode is interposed between the fourth logic configuration electrode and the fourth input electrode along the X-direction.

The step (b) is a step of configuring one logic in the nonvolatile logic circuit selected from logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), and exclusive logical addition (XOR). The logic is configured by applying voltages V1, VA, VB, VC, and VD which denote the voltages applied to the control electrode, and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes, respectively.

When the logical multiplication (AND) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (I) are applied, V1>VA, V1<VB, V1<VC, and V1<VD  (I).

When the logical addition (OR) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (II) are applied, V1>VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1<VD  (II).

When the negative logical multiplication (NAND) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (III) are applied, V1<VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1>VD  (III).

When the negative logical addition (NOR) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (IV) are applied, V1<VA, V1<VB, V1<VC, and V1>VD  (IV).

When the exclusive logical addition (XOR) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (V) are applied, V1<VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1<VD  (V).

The step (c) is a step of writing one state selected from first to fourth states into the non-volatile logic circuit. The state is written by applying voltages Va to Vh which denote voltages applied to the first to eighth input electrodes, respectively.

When the first state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VI) are applied, V1>Va, V1>Vb, V1<Vc, V1<Vd, V1>Ve, V1<Vf, V1>Vg, and V1<Vh  (VI).

When the second state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VII) are applied, V1<Va, V1<Vb, V1>Vc, V1>Vd, V1>Ve, V1<Vf, V1>Vg, and V1<Vh  (VII).

When the third state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VIII) are applied, V1>Va, V1>Vb, V1<Vc, V1<Vd, V1<Ve, V1>Vf, V1<Vg, and V1>Vh  (VIII).

When the fourth state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (IX) are applied, V1<Va, V1<Vb, V1>Vc, V1>Vd, V1<Ve, V1>Vf, V1<Vg, and V1>Vh  (IX).

The step (d) is a step of measuring current generated by applying a potential difference between the power electrode and the output electrode to determine whether the semiconductor layer between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state or a low resistance state on the basis of the current.

Another exemplary aspect of the present disclosure relates to a non-volatile logic circuit, including a control electrode, a ferroelectric layer, a semiconductor layer, and an electrode group. The control electrode, the ferroelectric layer, the semiconductor layer, and the electrode group are stacked in this order. The electrode group includes a power electrode, an output electrode, first to eighth input electrodes, and first to fourth logic configuration electrodes.

When X direction, Y-direction, and Z-direction denote a longitudinal direction of the ferroelectric layer (from the power electrode to the output electrode), a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and the stack direction, respectively, the first to eighth input electrodes and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are interposed between the power electrode and the output electrode along the X-direction, the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the fifth input electrode is interposed between the first logic configuration electrode and the first input electrode along the X-direction. the sixth input electrode is interposed between the second logic configuration electrode and the second input electrode along the X-direction, the seventh input electrode is interposed between the third logic configuration electrode and the third input electrode along the X-direction, and the eighth input electrode is interposed between the fourth logic configuration electrode and the fourth input electrode along the X-direction.

Effects

The present disclosure can provides a novel nonvolatile logic circuit and a method for operating the nonvolatile logic circuit which can be changed to one logic selected from logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), and exclusive logical addition (XOR).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows an exemplary top view of the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 according to one example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1B shows the cross-sectional view of A-A′ in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the input electrodes 17 a-17 h and the first and second input signals in the one example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows the table of truth values in the one example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the five logics and the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d.

FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the five logics and the specific voltages applied to the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d.

FIG. 6 shows the relationship among the first to fourth states, the applied voltages, and the five logics.

FIG. 7A shows examples of the voltages applied to the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d in the first state.

FIG. 7B shows examples of the voltages applied to the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d in the second state.

FIG. 7C shows examples of the voltages applied to the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d in the third state.

FIG. 7D shows examples of the voltages applied to the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d in the fourth state.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary cross-sectional view showing the difference of the polarization depending on the voltages applied to the electrodes.

FIG. 9 shows the relationships among the first and second input signals, the five logics, and maximum and minimum resistance value in the first to fourth states in the example 1.

FIG. 10 shows FIG. 1 of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 11A shows FIG. 2(a) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 11B shows FIG. 2(b) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 12A shows FIG. 3(a) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 12B shows FIG. 3(b) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 13A shows FIG. 4(a) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 13B shows FIG. 4(b) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 13C shows FIG. 4(c) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 14A shows FIG. 5(a) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 14B shows FIG. 5(b) of US 2009/0097299.

FIG. 14C shows FIG. 5(c) of US 2009/0097299.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Multiple examples of the present disclosure are described below with reference to the figures.

(Structure of the Nonvolatile Logic Circuit 20)

FIG. 1A shows a top view of the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 according to one example. FIG. 1B shows the cross-sectional view of the A-A′ line in FIG. 1A.

As shown in FIG. 1B, a control electrode 12, a ferroelectric film 13, a semiconductor film 14, and an electrode group 15-18 are stacked in this order on the substrate 11.

The electrode group 15-18 includes a power electrode 15, an output electrode 16, first to eighth input electrodes 17 a-17 h, and first to fourth logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d.

As shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the X direction, the Y-direction, and the Z-direction denote a longitudinal direction of the ferroelectric film 13 (i.e., from the power electrode 15 to the output electrode 16), a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and the film stack direction, respectively.

The first to eighth input electrodes 17 a-17 h and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d are interposed between the power electrode 15 and the output electrode 16 along the X-direction. The first to fourth logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d are disposed along the Y-direction. The first to fourth input electrodes 17 a-17 d are disposed along the Y-direction. The fifth to eighth input electrodes 17 e-17 h are disposed along the Y-direction.

The first input electrode 17 a, the fifth input electrode 17 e, and the first logic configuration electrode 18 a are disposed along the X-direction. In FIG. 1A, for example, the fifth input electrode 17 e is interposed between the first logic configuration electrode 18 a and the first input electrode 17 a along the X-direction.

The second input electrode 17 b, the sixth input electrode 17 f, and the second logic configuration electrode 18 b are disposed along the X-direction. In FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, for example, the sixth input electrode 17 f is interposed between the second logic configuration electrode 18 b and the second input electrode 17 b along the X-direction.

The third input electrode 17 c, the seventh input electrode 17 g, and the third logic configuration electrode 18 c are disposed along the X-direction. In FIG. 1A, for example, the seventh input electrode 17 g is interposed between the third logic configuration electrode 18 c and the third input electrode 17 c along the X-direction.

The fourth input electrode 17 d, the eighth input electrode 17 h, and the fourth logic configuration electrode 18 d are disposed along the X-direction. In FIG. 1A, for example, the eighth input electrode 17 h is interposed between the fourth logic configuration electrode 18 d and the fourth input electrode 17 d along the X-direction.

In the non-volatile logic circuit 20, the current flowing through the semiconductor film 14 is determined depending on the direction of the polarization of the ferroelectric film 13. Namely, when the polarization of the ferroelectric film 13 agrees with the +Z direction, electrons induced in the semiconductor film 14 cause the semiconductor film 14 to have low resistance. On the contrary, when the polarization of the ferroelectric film 13 agrees with the −Z direction, the electrons are driven away from the semiconductor film 14 and the semiconductor film 14 becomes to have high resistance.

Voltages between input electrodes 17 a-17 h and the control electrode 12 and between the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d and the control electrode 12 are applied to determine the resistance value of the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode. This allows the resistance value between the power electrode 15 and the output electrode 16 to be changed. The change of the resistance value allows the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 to execute logic calculation. The logic calculation is described below.

It is noted that it is not necessary to arrange the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d to be aligned along the Y direction as shown in FIG. 1A. As long as each one of the semiconductor portions includes one of the logic configuration electrodes and two of the input electrode, the logic calculation can be performed regardless of the arrangement of the these electrodes.

(Logic Calculation with the Nonvolatile Logic Circuit 20)

Then, with referring to FIG. 4-7, the logic calculation with the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 is described.

The nonvolatile logic circuit 20 executes logic calculation of two inputs and output one calculated output. The two input signals are a first input signal and a second input signal.

The logic calculation is roughly divided into a logic configuration step using the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d and an input writing step using the input electrodes 17 a-17 h.

First, the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 is configured to have one logic of logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), and exclusive logical addition (XOR) with logical configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d. Needless to say, more than one logic are not configured simultaneously in the nonvolatile logic circuit 20.

Next, the first and second input signals are input to the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 through the input electrodes 17 a-17 h.

(Logic Configuration)

Before the input writing step, the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 is configured to have one logic selected from logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), and exclusive logical addition (XOR).

The procedure of the logic configuration is described below. Preferably, a first reset operation is executed before the logic configuration step. In the first reset operation, a voltage Vin is applied to the logical configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d, and a voltage Vreset, which satisfies an inequality of Vin<Vreset, is applied to the control electrode 12. For example, 0 volt is applied to the logical configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d while 10 volt is applied to the control electrode 12. Thus, all of the polarization in the ferroelectric film 13 is configured to be upward.

Voltages V1, VA, VB, VC, and VD are applied to the control electrode 12, the first logical configuration electrode 18 a, the second logical configuration electrode 18 b, the third logical configuration electrode 18 c, and the fourth logical configuration electrode 18 d, respectively in the logical configuration step.

This voltage application step causes the respective polarizations of the portions of the ferroelectric film 13 located below the logical configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d to be upward or downward. This causes the respective portions of the semiconductor film 14 located below the respective logical configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d to have either of a high resistance state or a low resistance state. By combinations of the high resistance state and the low resistance state, the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 is configured to have one logic selected from logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), exclusive logical addition (XOR).

The following example is for the case in which the semiconductor film is an n-type semiconductor. When the semiconductor film is a p-type semiconductor, all inequality sign should be reversed.

When the logical multiplication (AND) is to be configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (I) are applied. V1>VA, V1<VB, V1<VC, and V1<VD  (I)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, VA of −10V, VB of 10V, VC of 10V, and VD of 10V are applied. These voltages cause that only the portion of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrode 18 a becomes a low resistance state (i.e., “ON” state) while the portions of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrodes 18 b, 18 c and 18 d are high resistance states (i.e., “OFF” state).

When the logical addition (OR) is to be configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (II) are applied. V1>VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1<VD  (II)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, VA of −10V, VB of −10V, VC of −10V, and VD of 10V are applied. These voltages cause that the portions of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrodes 18 a, 18 b and 18 c become low resistance states (i.e., “ON” state) while only the portion of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrode 18 d is a high resistance state (i.e., “OFF” state).

When the negative logical multiplication (NAND) is to be configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (III) are applied. V1<VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1>VD  (III)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, VA of 10V, VB of −10V, VC of −10V, and VD of −10V are applied. These voltages cause that the portions of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrodes 18 b, 18 c and 18 d become low resistance states (i.e., “ON” state) while only the portion of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrode 18 a is a high resistance state (i.e., “OFF” state).

When the negative logical addition (NOR) is to be configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (IV) are applied. V1<VA, V1<VB, V1<VC, and V1>VD  (IV)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, VA of 10V, VB of 10V, VC of 10V, and VD of −10V are applied. These voltages cause that only the portion of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrode 18 d becomes a low resistance state (i.e., “ON” state) while the portions of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrodes 18 a, 18 b and 18 c are high resistance states (i.e., “OFF” state).

When the exclusive logical addition (XOR) is to be configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (V) are applied. V1<VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1<VD  (V)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, VA of 10V, VB of −10V, VC of −10V, and VD of 10V are applied. These voltages cause that the portions of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrodes 18 b and 18 c become low resistance states (i.e., “ON” state) while the portions of the semiconductor film 14 below the logic configuration electrodes 18 a and 18 d are high resistance states (i.e., “OFF” state).

FIG. 4 summarizes the states of the logical configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d on logical configuration. FIG. 5 shows the potential applied in the logical configuration step. “ON” and “OFF” states correspond to applying −10V and 10y, respectively. The potential of the control electrode 12 is maintained to be constant. Preferably, it is maintained to be 0 volt.

(Input Writing)

The procedure of the input writing step is described below. In the input writing step, one state selected from first to fourth states is written into the nonvolatile logic circuit 20. Needless to say, more than one state are not written simultaneously into the nonvolatile logic circuit 20.

Preferably, a second reset operation is executed before the input writing. In the second reset operation, a voltage Vin is applied to the input electrodes 17 a-17 h, and a voltage Vreset, which satisfies an inequality of Vin<Vreset, is applied to the control electrode 12. For example, 0 volt is applied to the input electrodes 17 a-17 h while 10 volt is applied to the control electrode 12. Thus, all of the polarizations in the ferroelectric film 13 under the input electrodes are configured to be upward.

As shown in FIG. 2, the first input signal is input to the first input electrode 17 a and the second input electrode 17 b. The negation of the first input signal is input to the third input electrode 17 c and the fourth input electrode 17 d. The second input signal is input to the fifth input electrode 17 e and the seventh input electrode 17 g. The negation of the second input signal is input to the sixth input electrode 17 f and the eighth input electrode 17 h. On the basis of the table of truth value shown in FIG. 3, the execution result of logical operation is output.

In the input writing step, voltages V1, Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg, and Vh are applied to the control electrode 12, the first input electrode 17 a, the second input electrode 17 b, the third input electrode 17 c, the fourth input electrode 17 d, the fifth input electrode 17 e, the sixth input electrode 17 f, the seventh input electrode 17 g, and the eighth input electrode 17 h, respectively.

An equality of Va=Vb is satisfied because the first input signal is input to the first input electrode 17 a and the second input electrode 17 b. For the same reason, equality sets Vc=Vd, Ve=Vg, and Vf=Vh are satisfied.

This voltage application step causes the respective polarizations of the portions of the ferroelectric film 13 located below the respective input electrodes 17 a-17 h to be upward or downward. This causes the respective portion of the semiconductor film 14 located below the respective input electrodes 17 a-17 h to have either of a high resistance state or a low resistance state. Thus, the one state selected from the first to fourth states is written into the nonvolatile logic circuit 20.

When the first state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VI) are applied. V1>Va, V1>Vb, V1<Vc, V1<Vd, V1>Ve, V1<Vf, V1>Vg, and V1<Vh  (VI)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, Va of −10V, Vb of −10V, Vc of 10V, Vd of 10V, Ve of −10V, Vf of 10V, Vg of −10V, and Vh of 10V are applied. When −10V and +10V correspond to true(1) and false(0), respectively, in the first state, true(1), true(1), false(0), false(0), true(1), false(0), true(1), and false(0) are input to the first to eighth input electrodes 17 a-17 h, respectively.

When the second state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VII) are applied, V1<Va, V1<Vb, V1>Vc, V1>Vd, V1>Ve, V1<Vf, V1>Vg, and V1<Vh  (VII)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, Va of 10V, Vb of 10V, Vc of −10V, Vd of −10V, Ve of −10V, Vf of 10V, Vg of −10V, and Vh of 10V are applied. Namely, in the second state, false(0), false(0), true(1), true(1),true(1), false(0), true(1), and false(0) are input to the first to eighth input electrodes 17 a-17 h, respectively.

When the third state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VIII) are applied, V1>Va, V1>Vb, V1<Vc, V1<Vd, V1<Ve, V1>Vf, V1<Vg, and V1>Vh  (VIII)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, Va of −10V, Vb of −10V, Vc of 10V, Vd of 10V, Ve of 10V, Vf of −10V, Vg of 10V, and Vh of −10V are applied. Namely, in the third state, true(1), true(1), false(0), false(0), false(0), true(1), false(0), and true(1) are input to the first to eighth input electrodes 17 a-17 h, respectively.

When the fourth state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (IX) are applied, V1<Va, V1<Vb, V1>Vc, V1>Vd, V1<Ve, V1>Vf, V1<Vg, and V1>Vh  (IX)

For example, while V1 is maintained to be 0 volt, Va of 10V, Vb of 10V, Vc of −10V, Vd of −10V, Ve of 10V, Vf of −10V, Vg of 10V, and Vh of −10V are applied. Namely, in the fourth state, false(0), false(0), true(1), true(1), false(0), true(1), false(0), and true(1) are input to the first to eighth input electrodes 17 a-17 h, respectively.

FIG. 6 summarizes the states of the input electrodes 17 a-17 h in input writing step. The values “1” and “0” in the first and second input signals shown in FIG. 3 correspond to −10V and 10V of the input voltages shown in FIG. 6, respectively. The potential of the control electrode 12 is maintained to be constant. Preferably, it is maintained to be 0 volt.

FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D correspond to the first to fourth states, respectively.

FIG. 8 illustrate the polarization states of the ferroelectric film 13 and the states of the semiconductor film 14 when −10V and 10V are applied to the electrodes 33, 34 disposed on the semiconductor film 14 (e.g., three logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d or the input electrodes 17 a-17 h). The semiconductor region 31 located below the electrode 33 to which −10V is applied has low resistance because of accumulation of the electrons generated by polarization 30 a of the ferroelectric film 13. The semiconductor region 32 located below the electrode 33 to which 10V is applied has high resistance because of depletion of the electrons caused by polarization 30 b of the ferroelectric film 13.

After the input writing step, the nonvolatile logic circuit may be turned off

It is noted that the logic configuration step and the input writing step can be performed at the same time, or in any order.

(Reading)

A step of reading from information the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 is described below. A potential difference is applied between the power electrode 15 and the output electrode 16 to measure the current flowing through the semiconductor film 14. On the measuring of the current, it is preferred that no voltage is applied to the control electrode 12, the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d and the input electrodes 17 a-17 h. Alternatively, the voltages of these electrodes may be maintained at 0 volts.

It is preferred that the potential difference between the power electrode 15 and the output electrode 16 is not more than one-fifth of the potential difference between the control electrode 12 and the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d and between the control electrode 12 and the input electrodes 17 a-17 h used in the logic configuration step and the input writing step. An example of the potential difference between the power electrode 15 and the output electrode 16 is 0.1 V.

A resistance value is determined depending on the magnitude of the electrical current. Namely, it is determined which one of the low and high resistance states the non-volatile logic circuit 2 has on the basis of the magnitude of the current.

When logical multiplication (AND) is configured in the nonvolatile logic circuit 20, and the first state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a low resistance state. When the second, third, or fourth state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state.

When logical addition (OR) is configured in the nonvolatile logic circuit 20, and the first, second, or third state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a low resistance state. When the fourth state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state.

When negative logical multiplication (NAND) is configured in the nonvolatile logic circuit 20, and the second, third, or fourth state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a low resistance state. When the first state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state.

When negative logical addition (NOR) is configured in the nonvolatile logic circuit 20, and the fourth state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a low resistance state. When the first, second, or third state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state.

When exclusive logical addition (XOR) is configured in the nonvolatile logic circuit 20, and the second or third state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a low resistance state. If the first or fourth state has been written, the semiconductor film 14 between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state.

The high and low resistance states correspond to false and true of the logic based on the first and second input signals respectively. Thus, the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 can be programmed as a circuit having one logic selected from logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), and exclusive logical addition (XOR).

The following describes one example of a fabrication method of the nonvolatile logic circuit of the present disclosure.

(1) A titanium film with a thickness of 5 nm and a platinum film with a thickness of 30 nm were formed in this order on a silicon substrate 11 with a surface coated with silicon oxide by using an electron beam deposition method. Furthermore, a SrRuO₃ (hereinafter, SRO) film with a thickness of 10 nm was formed with a pulse laser deposition method. Thus, a control 12 was formed on the silicon substrate 11.

(2) The substrate was heated to 700 degrees Celsius. A ferroelectric film 13 composed of Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ with a thickness of 450 nm was formed by using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method in a PLD chamber.

(3) The temperature of the substrate was set to be 400 degrees Celsius, and a semiconductor film 14 formed of n-type zinc oxide with a thickness of 30 nm was formed in the PLD chamber.

(4) The patterns of a resist were formed on the semiconductor film 14 with photolithography.

(5) Subsequently, a resist was further formed and patterned on the semiconductor film 14 with photolithography again. A titanium film with a thickness of 5 nm and a platinum film with a thickness of 30 nm were formed with an electron beam deposition method. The resist was removed to form the power electrode 15, output electrode 16, the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d, and the input electrodes 17 a-17 h.

The obtained nonvolatile logic circuit 20 had the logic configuration electrodes 18 a-18 d with 100 μm square, the input electrodes 17 a-17 h with 100 μm square, and electrode distance with 10 μm.

The one state selected from the first to fourth states was written into the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 on the basis of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7. Subsequently, the potential difference of 0.1V was applied between the power electrode 15 and the output electrode 16 to calculate the resistance value of the nonvolatile logic circuit 20 on the basis of the current flowing between the current electrode 15 and the output electrode 16.

FIG. 9 shows the resistance values calculated in the first to fourth states. “0” and “1” mean the maximum and minimum values of the resultant resistance values, respectively.

As understood from FIG. 9, when the logical multiplication (AND) was configured, and the first state was written, the output was “1”. When the second, third, or the fourth state was written, the output was “0”.

When logical addition (OR) was configured, and the first, second, or third state was written, the output was “1”. When the fourth state was written, the output was “0”.

When negative logical multiplication (NAND) was configured, and the second, third, or fourth state was written, the output was “1”. When the first state was written, the output was “0”.

When negative logical addition (NOR) was configured, and the fourth state was written, the output was “1”. When the first, second, or third state was written, the output was “0”.

When exclusive logical addition (XOR) was configured, the second and third states were “1”. The first and fourth states were “0”.

[Inductrial Applicability]

The present disclosure provides a novel method for operating a nonvolatile semiconductor device which can be switched to any one of AND, OR, NAND, NOR, or XOR, and the operation method of the same. In other words, each of the logic configuration electrodes and input electrode function as a programmable switch which controls conductivity (i.e., resistance) of the underlying semiconductor film.

[List of referential marks]

-   11: Substrate -   12: Control Electrode -   13: Ferroelectric film -   14: Semiconductor film -   15: Power electrode -   16: Output electrode -   17 a: First input electrode -   17 b: Second input electrode -   17 c: Third input electrode -   17 d: Fourth input electrode -   17 e: Fifth input electrode -   17 f: Sixth input electrode -   17 g: Seventh input electrode -   17 h: Eighth input electrode -   18 a: First logic configuration electrode -   18 b: Second logic configuration electrode -   18 c: Third logic configuration electrode -   18 d: Fourth logic configuration electrode -   20: Nonvolatile logic circuit -   30 a: Upward polarization in the ferroelectric film 13 -   30 b: Downward polarization in the ferroelectric film 13 -   31: Low resistance portion in the semiconductor film 14 -   32: High resistance portion in the semiconductor film 14 -   33: Electrode to which signal “1” is applied. -   34: Electrode to which signal “0” is applied. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of operating a non-volatile logic circuit, the method comprising: a step (a) of preparing the non-volatile logic circuit, wherein: the non-volatile logic circuit comprises a control electrode, a ferroelectric layer, a semiconductor layer, and an electrode group, the control electrode, the ferroelectric layer, the semiconductor layer, and the electrode group are stacked in this order, the semiconductor layer is an n-type semiconductor layer, the electrode group comprises a power electrode, an output electrode, first to eighth input electrodes, and first to fourth logic configuration electrodes, X direction, Y-direction, and Z-direction denote a longitudinal direction of the ferroelectric layer, a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and a layer stack direction, respectively, the first to eighth input electrodes and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are interposed between the power electrode and the output electrode along the X-direction, the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the fifth input electrode is interposed between the first logic configuration electrode and the first input electrode along the X-direction, the sixth input electrode is interposed between the second logic configuration electrode and the second input electrode along the X-direction, the seventh input electrode is interposed between the third logic configuration electrode and the third input electrode along the X-direction, and the eighth input electrode is interposed between the fourth logic configuration electrode and the fourth input electrode along the X-direction; a step (b) of configuring one logic in the nonvolatile logic circuit, the one logic being selected from logical multiplication (AND), logical addition (OR), negative logical multiplication (NAND), negative logical addition (NOR), and exclusive logical addition (XOR), wherein: voltages V1, VA, VB, VC, and VD are applied to the control electrode, and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes, respectively, in a case where the logical multiplication (AND) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (I) are applied, V1>VA, V1<VB, V1<VC, and V1<VD  (I), in a case where the logical addition (OR) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (II) are applied, V1>VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1<VD  (II), in a case where the negative logical multiplication (NAND) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (III) are applied, V1<VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1>VD  (III), in a case where the negative logical addition (NOR) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (IV) are applied, V1<VA, V1<VB, V1<VC, and V1>VD  (IV), in a case where the exclusive logical addition (XOR) is configured, the voltages which satisfy the following inequality (V) are applied, V1<VA, V1>VB, V1>VC, and V1<VD  (V); a step (c) of writing one state selected from the group consisting of first to fourth states into the non-volatile logic circuit, wherein: voltages Va to Vh are applied to the first to eighth input electrodes, respectively, in a case where the first state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VI) are applied, V1>Va, V1>Vb, V1<Vc, V1<Vd, V1>Ve, V1<Vf, V1>Vg, and V1<Vh  (VI), in a case where the second state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VII) are applied, V1<Va, V1<Vb, V1>Vc, V1>Vd, V1>Ve, V1<Vf, V1>Vg, and V1<Vh  (VII), in a case where the third state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (VIII) are applied, V1>Va, V1>Vb, V1<Vc, V1<Vd, V1<Ve, V1>Vf, V1<Vg, and V1>Vh  (VIII), in a case where the fourth state is written, voltages which satisfy the following inequality (IX) are applied, V1<Va, V1<Vb, V1>Vc, V1>Vd, V1<Ve, V1>Vf, V1<Vg, and V1>Vh  (IX); and a step (d) of measuring current generated by applying a potential difference between the power electrode and the output electrode to determine whether the semiconductor layer between the power electrode and the output electrode is a high resistance state or a low resistance state on the basis of the current.
 2. The method according to item 1, wherein, in the step (c), a first input signal which is either true or false is input to both of the first and second input electrodes, the negation of the first input signal is input to both of the third and fourth input electrodes, a second input signal which is either true or false is input to both of the fifth and seventh input electrodes, the negation of the second input signal is input to both of the sixth and eighth input electrodes, and the high and low resistance states correspond respectively to false and true of the one logic on the basis of the first and second input signals.
 3. The method according to item 1, further comprising the following step (e) between the step (a) and the step (b), a step (e) of applying voltage Vin to the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes and applying voltage Vreset, where Vreset>Vin, to the control electrode.
 4. The method according to item 1, further comprising the following step (f) between the step (b) and the step (c): a step (f) of applying voltage Vin to the first to eighth input electrodes and applying voltage Vreset, where Vreset>Vin, to the control electrode.
 5. The method according to item 1, further comprising the following step (f) between the step (b) and the step (c): a step (f) of applying voltage Vin to the first to eighth input electrodes and applying voltage Vreset, where Vreset>Vin, to the control electrode.
 6. The method of item 1, further comprises the following step (g) between the step (c) and the step (d): a step (g) of turning off the non-volatile logic circuit.
 7. A non-volatile logic circuit comprising: a control electrode; a ferroelectric layer; a semiconductor layer; and an electrode group, wherein: the control electrode, the ferroelectric layer, the semiconductor layer, and the electrode group are stacked in this order, the electrode group comprises a power electrode, an output electrode, first to eighth input electrodes, and first to fourth logic configuration electrodes, X direction, Y-direction, and Z-direction denote a longitudinal direction of the ferroelectric layer, a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, and a layer stack direction, respectively, the first to eighth input electrodes and the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are interposed between the power electrode and the output electrode along the X-direction, the first to fourth logic configuration electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the first to fourth input electrodes are disposed along the Y-direction, the fifth input electrode is interposed between the first logic configuration electrode and the first input electrode along the X-direction, the sixth input electrode is interposed between the second logic configuration electrode and the second input electrode along the X-direction, the seventh input electrode is interposed between the third logic configuration electrode and the third input electrode along the X-direction, and the eighth input electrode is interposed between the fourth logic configuration electrode and the fourth input electrode along the X-direction.
 8. A logic circuit, comprising: a substrate; a ferroelectric layer disposed on the substrate; a semiconductor layer disposed on the ferroelectric layer, wherein: the semiconductor layer includes first to fourth sections aligned in a first direction, each of the first to fourth sections includes three electrodes aligned in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, first ends of the first to fourth sections are connected to a power electrode, and second ends of the first to fourth sections are connected to an output electrode, one of the three electrodes of each of the first to fourth sections is configured to receive a signal for configure a logic, and two of the three electrodes of each of the first to fourth sections, which are different from the one of the three electrodes, are configured to receive input signals which are subject to a logic calculation of the logic. 